1. Number Sense and Place Value
- Numbers up to 10,000 and beyond where appropriate
- Reading, writing, comparing, and ordering whole numbers
- Place value: ones, tens, hundreds, thousands, and ten-thousands
- Expanded form, standard form, and word form
- Rounding and estimation
- Number lines and visual representations of magnitude
- Even and odd numbers
- Number patterns in digits and place value
- Missing-number and number-clue puzzles

2. Operations and Word Problems
- Addition and subtraction of multi-digit numbers
- Multiplication and division facts
- Arrays, equal groups, repeated addition, and area models
- Division with remainders in context
- Mental calculation strategies
- Standard written methods
- Multi-step word problems using the four operations
- Estimation and checking answers
- Inverse operations

3. Fractions and Early Decimals
- Fractions as parts of a whole
- Fractions as parts of a set
- Unit fractions
- Equivalent fractions using visual models
- Comparing and ordering fractions
- Benchmark fractions such as 1/2, 1/4, and 3/4
- Fractions on number lines
- Fraction of a quantity in simple contexts
- Addition and subtraction of fractions with like denominators
- Decimals in money and measurement contexts
- Tenths and hundredths
- Connections between common fractions and decimals

4. Algebraic Thinking and Patterns
- Growing and shrinking number patterns
- Visual patterns using shapes, tiles, dots, and grids
- Describing rules in words
- Input-output tables and function-machine thinking
- Simple symbolic notation using boxes, blanks, or letters
- Unknown quantities in equations
- True/false equations
- Equality as a balance or relationship
- Simple use of operation properties

5. Measurement and Units
- Length, mass, capacity, temperature, and time
- Metric units: mm, cm, m, km, g, kg, mL, L
- Choosing suitable units and tools
- Reading measurement scales
- Simple conversions within the metric system
- Clocks, calendars, schedules, and elapsed time
- Perimeter of simple and composite shapes
- Area of rectangles and composite rectilinear shapes
- Introduction to volume using unit cubes
- Real-life measurement problems

6. Geometry and Spatial Understanding
- 2D shapes: triangles, quadrilaterals, polygons, and circles
- Classifying shapes by sides, angles, and symmetry
- Lines, line segments, rays, parallel lines, and perpendicular lines
- Angle types: right, acute, and obtuse
- Simple angle reasoning
- Line symmetry and reflection
- Translation, rotation, and simple transformation ideas
- Coordinate grid basics: reading and plotting points
- 3D solids: prisms, pyramids, cylinders, cones, spheres, and cubes
- Faces, edges, and vertices
- Nets and simple folding ideas
- Spatial puzzles involving orientation, matching, and construction

7. Data, Probability, and Evidence-Based Reasoning
- Collecting and organizing data
- Tables, tallies, pictographs, bar graphs, and line plots
- Simple line graphs where appropriate
- Reading and interpreting graphs
- Comparing simple data sets
- Mode and range
- Informal introduction to mean and median where suitable
- Probability language: certain, likely, unlikely, impossible
- Simple events and equally likely outcomes
- Predictions from data
- Simple misleading or incomplete information in graphs or statements

8. Logical Reasoning and Problem-Solving Strategies
- Classification by rules and properties
- Odd-one-out problems
- True/false reasoning
- Always/sometimes/never statements
- Matching problems using clues
- Simple logic grids
- Elimination strategies
- Working backwards
- Guess-check-improve strategies
- Finding missing information
- Error identification and reasoning checks

9. Visual-Spatial and Non-Verbal Reasoning
- Shape analogies and visual classification
- Pattern grids and matrix puzzles
- Completing visual sequences
- Rotation, reflection, and orientation puzzles
- Folding and unfolding simple shapes
- Matching nets to solids in simple cases
- Combining and decomposing shapes
- Symmetry-based puzzles
- Spatial memory and position problems
- Diagram-based problem solving

10. Financial Literacy and Mathematics in Real Life
- Money values and notation
- Decimal notation in currency
- Earning, spending, saving, and simple budgeting
- Comparing prices
- Unit price and best-buy reasoning at an introductory level
- Simple discounts using familiar benchmark percentages
- Timetables, calendars, travel times, and schedules
- Real-life contexts such as shopping, packaging, recipes, maps, and classroom planning